You are beautiful as Tirzah, my love, lovely as Jerusalem, awesome as an army with banners. - Song of Solomon 6:4
Jerusalem was located on a hill known as Ophel. It is located in the southeastern part of the modern city.
Jerusalem was not controlled by any tribe and was at the boundary of Judah and Benjamin, so King David took it as his capital.
The Canaanite or Jebusite city of Jerusalem is mentioned in Egyptian texts from the 20th century B.C. The Ophel was inhabited as far back as the Chalcolithic period.
(The ESV Study BibleTM, English Standard Version (ESV) by Crossway Bibles, 2007. Page 549)
King David takes the stronghold of Zion
After David was anointed king over all Israel, King David and his men went to Jerusalem against the Jebusite inhabitants of the land who said to David, "You will not come in here, but the blind and the lame will ward you off"--thinking, "David cannot come in here." David said, "Whoever would strike the Jebusites, let him get up the water shaft to attack 'the lame and the blind,' who are hated by David's soul," and defeated them. Therefore it is said, "The blind and the lame shall not come into the house." David lived in the stronghold and called it the city of David. And David built the city all around from the Millo inward. And David became greater and greater for the LORD, the God of hosts, was with him. (2 Samuel 5:1-10)
David stays in Jerusalem instead of going to battle, then commits adultery with Bathsheba
In the spring of the year, David sent Joab and his servants and all Israel to ravage the Ammonites and besiege Rabbah, while David remained in Jerusalem. (2 Samuel 11:1) Finally, Joab calls him out to take Rabbah, lest he take it and name it after himself, so he takes over Ammon. Then David and all the people return to Jerusalem. (2 Samuel 12:26-31)
Absalom's conspiracy
Absalom convinced King David he had made a vow to the LORD and need to sacrifice at Hebron, so he sent secret messengers throughout all the tribes of Israel and went to Jerusalem with 200 men who knew nothing. While offering the sacrifice, he sent for Ahithophel the Gilonite, David's counselor.
David and his supporters fled into the wilderness. (2 Samuel 15-16)
When Absalom reaches Jerusalem with his men, he takes Ahithophel's advice and goes into King David's concubines on the roof before Israel. (2 Samuel 16)
Israel then Judah ask for David back as king after his battle against Israel and Absalom, so all Judah and half Israel meet David at the Jordan to escort him back to Jerusalem. (2 Samuel 19)
Amasa delayed, so David sent Joab's men, the Cherethites and the Pelethites, and all the mighty men under Abishai out of Jerusalem and after Sheba, who was holed up with his men in Abel of Beth-maacah. When a wise woman threw Sheba's head over the wall for them, they returned to Jerusalem. (2 Samuel 20)
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The Shulammite's beauty was compared to Jerusalem. (Song of Solomon 6:4)
Zedekiah's opposition to Babylon eventually led the Babylonians to conquer Jerusalem in the fifth month (July/August) (Jeremiah 39:1-10) of 587 or 586 B.C. The captivity lasted until c.538-535 B.C., when Cyrus allowed the Jews to return to their homeland. (Ezra 1). (The ESV Study BibleTM, English Standard Version (ESV) by Crossway Bibles, 2007. Page 1369) Lamentations describes how blighted they were, hungry, killed, without comfort. (Lamentations 1)
The kings of the earth didn't believe enemy could enter the gates of Jerusalem. (Lamentations 4:12) Rehoboam withstood Shishak king of Egypt (1 Kings 14:25-28), Amaziah withstood Jehoash king of Israel (2 Kings 12:13-14), and Hezekiah withstood Shalmaneser king of Assyria (2 Kings 18:1-19:35). Then they finally fell to Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon. (Jeremiah 52)
Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon carried away Jeconiah king of Judah with the Jewish captives, including Mordecai. (Esther 2:5-6)